The relationship between sex and temperament is complex and often influenced by cultural norms. This is evident when examining the diverse expressions of gender roles and behaviors across different societies. In this article, we will delve into the fascinating anthropological research presented in “Sex And Temperament In Three Primitive Societies” by Margaret Mead, exploring how three distinct cultures—the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli—view and shape masculinity and femininity.
Challenging Western Assumptions: The Arapesh
Margaret Mead’s study of the Arapesh, a mountain-dwelling tribe in Papua New Guinea, reveals a society that prioritizes peace and cooperation. Both men and women exhibit what might be considered “feminine” traits in Western cultures. They are nurturing, gentle, and avoid conflict. Child-rearing practices emphasize shared responsibility, with fathers actively involved in caregiving. This egalitarian approach fosters a sense of harmony and interdependence within the community.
The Aggressive Ideal: The Mundugumor
In stark contrast to the Arapesh, the Mundugumor, a river-dwelling tribe in Papua New Guinea, embrace aggression and assertiveness in both genders. Competition is highly valued, and individuals are encouraged to be self-sufficient and dominant. This cultural emphasis on aggression manifests in their child-rearing practices, where independence and rivalry are fostered from a young age.
Reversing Gender Roles: The Tchambuli
Perhaps the most intriguing case study is that of the Tchambuli, a lake-dwelling tribe in Papua New Guinea. Here, Mead observed a reversal of traditional Western gender roles. Women hold significant economic power, control trade, and exhibit assertive and managerial traits. Men, on the other hand, are more emotionally expressive, artistic, and concerned with appearance—characteristics often associated with femininity in Western societies.
A Broader Understanding of Sex and Temperament
“Dr. Anya Petrova, a renowned cultural anthropologist, notes, ‘Mead’s research underscores the powerful influence of culture in shaping our understanding of gender. It challenges the notion of fixed, biologically determined gender roles, suggesting that what we consider masculine or feminine is largely a product of social conditioning.'”
Mead’s research on the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli highlights the vast diversity in human behavior and challenges Western assumptions about sex and temperament. Her work demonstrates that what might be considered “natural” or “innate” differences between men and women are not universally applicable and can vary significantly across cultures.
Conclusion
“Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies” offers a compelling exploration of how culture shapes our perceptions of masculinity and femininity. By examining the diverse gender expressions of the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli, Mead encourages us to question our own cultural biases and embrace the richness of human diversity.